Indlela yokukhiqiza kagesi omile

Ngokuvamile, ugesi omile ukhiqizwa ngenxa yokungqubuzana noma ukungeniswa.

Ugesi ongashintshi wefrictional ukhiqizwa ukunyakaza kwamashaji kagesi akhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokuthintana, ukungqubuzana, noma ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwezinto ezimbili. Ugesi omile oshiywe ukungqubuzana phakathi kwamakhondatha ngokuvamile awunamandla uma kuqhathaniswa, ngenxa yokuguquguquka okuqinile kwamakhondakta. Ama-ion akhiqizwa ukungqubuzana azohamba ndawonye ngokushesha futhi anciphise phakathi nasekupheleni kwenqubo yokungqubuzana. Ngemuva kokungqubuzana kwe-insulator, i-voltage ephezulu ye-electrostatic ingase yenziwe, kodwa inani lenkokhelo lincane kakhulu. Lokhu kunqunywa isakhiwo somzimba se-insulator ngokwayo. Esakhiweni samangqamuzana se-insulator, kunzima ngama-electron ukuthi ahambe ngokukhululeka ekubopheni i-nucleus ye-athomu, ngakho ukungqubuzana kubangela inani elincane kuphela le-ionization yamangqamuzana noma ye-athomu.

Ugesi we-Inductive static iyinkambu kagesi eyakhiwe ukunyakaza kwama-electron entweni ngaphansi kwesenzo senkambu kazibuthe lapho into isendaweni kagesi. Ugesi oshintshayo we-inductive ngokuvamile ungakhiqizwa kuphela kumakhondatha. Umthelela wezinkambu ze-electromagnetic yendawo kuma-insulators ungashaywa indiva.

I-Electrostatic discharge mechanism

Isiphi isizathu esenza ukuthi ugesi wamapayipi angu-220V ubulale abantu, kodwa izinkulungwane zama-volts kubantu zingakwazi ukubabulala? I-voltage kuyo yonke i-capacitor ihlangabezana nefomula elandelayo: U=Q/C. Ngokwale fomula, lapho i-capacitance incane futhi inani lokushaja lincane, kuzokwenziwa i-voltage ephezulu. “Imvamisa, amandla emizimba yethu nezinto ezisizungezile mancane kakhulu. Uma kukhiqizwa ishaja kagesi, inani elincane leshaja kagesi lingase likhiqize amandla kagesi aphezulu.” Ngenxa yenani elincane lokushaja kagesi, lapho ukhipha, i-current ekhiqizwayo incane kakhulu, futhi isikhathi sifushane kakhulu. I-voltage ayikwazi ukugcinwa, futhi yamanje yehla ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu. “Ngenxa yokuthi umzimba womuntu awusona isivikelo, amacala amile anqwabelana emzimbeni wonke, lapho kukhona indlela yokuphuma, azohlangana. Ngakho-ke, kuzwakala sengathi umsinga uphakeme futhi kunomuzwa wokushaqeka kukagesi.” Ngemuva kokuthi ugesi omile ukhiqizwe kumakhondakta afana nemizimba yabantu kanye nezinto zensimbi, umsinga owukhiphayo uzoba mkhulu uma kuqhathaniswa.

Ngezinto zokwakha ezinezakhiwo ezinhle zokuvikela, enye iwukuthi inani leshaja kagesi elakhiwe lincane kakhulu, kanti elinye liwukuthi ukushaja kagesi okukhiqizwa kunzima ukugeleza. Nakuba i-voltage iphezulu, uma kunendlela yokukhipha endaweni ethile, ishaja kuphela endaweni yokuxhumana futhi phakathi kwebanga elincane eliseduze elingageleza futhi likhiphe, kuyilapho ishaji endaweni okungeyona yokuxhumana ayikwazi ukudedelwa. Ngakho-ke, ngisho ne-voltage yamashumi ezinkulungwane zama-volts, amandla okukhipha nawo awanaki.

Izingozi zikagesi omile ezingxenyeni ze-elekthronikhi

Ugesi omile ungaba yingozi kuI-LEDs, hhayi nje "ilungelo lobunikazi" eliyingqayizivele le-LED, kodwa futhi ama-diode nama-transistors asetshenziswa kakhulu enziwe ngezinto ze-silicon. Ngisho nezakhiwo, izihlahla, kanye nezilwane kungonakalisa ugesi omile (umbani uwuhlobo oluthile lukagesi omile, futhi ngeke sikucabangele lapha).

Ngakho-ke, ugesi omile uzilimaza kanjani izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi? Angifuni ukuya kude kakhulu, ngikhuluma nje ngamadivayisi we-semiconductor, kodwa futhi ngikhawulelwe kuma-diode, ama-transistors, ama-IC, nama-LED.

Umonakalo obangelwa ugesi ezingxenyeni ze-semiconductor ekugcineni uhilela okwamanje. Ngaphansi kwesenzo samanje kagesi, idivayisi yonakele ngenxa yokushisa. Uma kukhona i-current, kufanele kube ne-voltage. Kodwa-ke, ama-semiconductor diode anezinhlaka ze-PN, ezinobubanzi be-voltage obuvimba indlela yamanje kokubili eziqondisweni eziya phambili neziya emuva. Umgoqo ongase ube phambili uphansi, kuyilapho umgoqo ongase uhlehle uphezulu kakhulu. Kumjikelezo, lapho ukumelana kuphezulu, i-voltage igxiliwe. Kodwa kuma-LED, lapho i-voltage isetshenziswa phambili ku-LED, lapho i-voltage yangaphandle ingaphansi kwe-voltage embundwini ye-diode (ehambisana nobubanzi begebe legebe lempahla), akukho wamanje oya phambili, futhi i-voltage yonke isetshenziswa ukuhlangana kwe-PN. Lapho i-voltage isetshenziswa ku-LED ngokuhlehlayo, lapho i-voltage yangaphandle ingaphansi kwe-voltage yokuhlehla ehlehlayo ye-LED, i-voltage iphinde isetshenziswe ku-PN junction ngokuphelele. Ngalesi sikhathi, akukho ukwehla kwamandla kagesi endaweni engalungile ye-solder ye-LED, kubakaki, indawo engu-P, noma indawo engu-N! Ngoba akukho okwamanje. Ngemuva kokuthi i-PN junction ihlehlisiwe, i-voltage yangaphandle yabelwa yibo bonke abaphikisana nesekethe. Lapho ukumelana kuphezulu, i-voltage ethwala ingxenye iphezulu. Ngokuqondene nama-LED, kungokwemvelo ukuthi i-PN junction ithwala iningi lamandla kagesi. Amandla ashisayo akhiqizwa lapho kuhlangana khona i-PN ukwehla kwamandla kagesi kuyo yonke indawo okuphindaphindwe ivelu yamanje. Uma inani lamanje linganqunyelwe, ukushisa ngokweqile kuzoshisa i-PN junction, ezolahlekelwa umsebenzi wayo futhi ingene.

Kungani ama-IC esaba ugesi omile? Ngenxa yokuthi indawo yengxenye ngayinye ku-IC incane kakhulu, i-parasitic capacitance yengxenye ngayinye nayo incane kakhulu (ngokuvamile umsebenzi wesifunda udinga i-parasitic capacitance encane kakhulu). Ngakho-ke, inani elincane lokushaja kwe-electrostatic lizokhiqiza amandla kagesi aphezulu kagesi, futhi ukubekezelela amandla kwengxenye ngayinye ngokuvamile kuba kuncane kakhulu, ngakho ukukhishwa kwe-electrostatic kungalimaza kalula i-IC. Kodwa-ke, izakhi ezijwayelekile ezihlukene, njengama-diode amancane ajwayelekile kanye nama-transistors wamandla amancane, aziwesabi kakhulu ugesi omile, ngoba indawo yazo ye-chip inkulu futhi amandla azo e-parasitic makhulu uma kuqhathaniswa, futhi akulula ukuqongelela ama-voltages aphezulu. kubo kuzilungiselelo ezijwayelekile ezimile. Ama-transistors we-MOS anamandla aphansi athambekele ekulimaleni kwe-electrostatic ngenxa yongqimba lwawo oluncane lwe-oxide yesango namandla amancane e-parasitic. Ngokuvamile bashiya imboni ngemva kokujikeleza isikhashana ama-electrode amathathu ngemva kokupakisha. Ekusetshenzisweni, kuvame ukudingeka ukususa umzila omfushane ngemva kokuqedwa kwe-welding. Ngenxa yendawo enkulu ye-chip yama-transistors e-MOS anamandla aphezulu, ugesi ojwayelekile omile ngeke uwalimaze. Ngakho-ke uzobona ukuthi ama-electrode amathathu wamandla we-MOS transistors awavikelwe ngamasekethe amafushane (abakhiqizi bakudala basawajikelezisa ngaphambi kokushiya imboni).

I-LED empeleni ine-diode, futhi indawo yayo inkulu kakhulu uma ihlobene nengxenye ngayinye ngaphakathi kwe-IC. Ngakho-ke, i-parasitic capacitance yama-LEDs inkulu kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ugesi omile ezimweni ezijwayelekile awukwazi ukulimaza ama-LED.

Ugesi we-electrostatic ezimweni ezijwayelekile, ikakhulukazi kuma-insulators, ungaba ne-voltage ephezulu, kodwa inani lokushaja kokukhipha lincane kakhulu, futhi ubude besikhathi sokuphuma bufushane kakhulu. I-voltage yeshaje ye-electrostatic eyengelwe ku-conductor ingase ingabi phezulu kakhulu, kodwa amandla okukhipha angase abe makhulu futhi ngokuvamile aqhubeke. Lokhu kuyingozi kakhulu ezingxenyeni ze-elekthronikhi.

Kungani ugesi omile ulimazaAma-chips e-LEDazivamile ukwenzeka

Ake siqale ngesenzakalo sokuhlola. Insimbi yensimbi ithwala ugesi omile ongu-500V. Beka i-LED epuleti lensimbi (naka indlela yokubeka ukuze ugweme izinkinga ezilandelayo). Ucabanga ukuthi i-LED izolimala? Lapha, ukuze kulimaze i-LED, ngokuvamile kufanele isetshenziswe nge-voltage enkulu kune-voltage yayo yokuphuka, okusho ukuthi womabili ama-electrode e-LED kufanele kanye kanye athinte ipuleti lensimbi futhi abe ne-voltage enkulu kune-voltage yokuphuka. Njengoba ipuleti yensimbi ingumqhubi omuhle, i-voltage eyenzelwe ngaphesheya kwayo iyalingana, futhi lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-500V voltage ihlobene nomhlabathi. Ngakho-ke, akukho voltage phakathi kwama-electrode amabili e-LED, futhi ngokwemvelo ngeke kube khona umonakalo. Ngaphandle uma uthinta i-electrode eyodwa ye-LED nge-iron plate, bese uxhuma enye i-electrode nge-conductor (isandla noma ucingo ngaphandle kwamagilavu ​​avikelayo) phansi noma amanye amakhondakta.

Lesi senzakalo sokuhlola esingenhla sisikhumbuza ukuthi uma i-LED isendaweni ye-electrostatic, i-electrode eyodwa kufanele ithinte umzimba we-electrostatic, kanti enye i-electrode kufanele ithinte umhlabathi noma amanye amakhondakta ngaphambi kokuba yonakaliswe. Ekukhiqizeni kwangempela nasekusetshenzisweni, ngosayizi omncane wama-LED, akuvamile ukuthi kube khona ithuba lokuthi izinto ezinjalo zizokwenzeka, ikakhulukazi kumaqoqo. Izehlakalo zengozi zingenzeka. Isibonelo, i-LED isemzimbeni we-electrostatic, futhi i-electrode eyodwa ithinta umzimba we-electrostatic, kuyilapho enye i-electrode isanda kumiswa. Ngalesi sikhathi, othile uthinta i-electrode emisiwe, engase ilimazeUkukhanya kwe-LED.

Lesi simo esingenhla sisitshela ukuthi izinkinga ze-electrostatic azikwazi ukushaywa indiva. Ukukhishwa kwe-electrostatic kudinga isekethe ye-conductive, futhi akukho monakalo uma kunogesi omile. Lapho ukuvuza okuncane kakhulu kwenzeka, inkinga yokulimala kwe-electrostatic ngengozi ingacatshangelwa. Uma kwenzeka ngobuningi, kungenzeka ukuthi kube inkinga yokungcoliswa kwe-chip noma ingcindezi.