Ama-LED okuqala e-GaP ne-GaAsP e-homojunction abomvu, aphuzi, futhi aluhlaza okotshani asebenza kahle ngokukhanyayo ngeminyaka yawo-1970s asetshenziswe kumalambu ezinkomba, izibonisi zedijithali nezombhalo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, i-LED yaqala ukungena emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yezicelo, okuhlanganisa i-aerospace, izindiza, izimoto, izicelo zezimboni, ezokuxhumana, imikhiqizo yabathengi, njll., ehlanganisa imikhakha ehlukene yomnotho wezwe kanye nezinkulungwane zemizi. Ngo-1996, ukuthengiswa kwe-LED emhlabeni wonke kwase kufinyelele izigidigidi zamaRandi. Nakuba ama-LED anqunyelwe umbala nokusebenza kahle okukhanyayo iminyaka eminingi, i-GaP ne-GaAsLED ithandwa ngabasebenzisi ngenxa yokuphila kwabo isikhathi eside, ukwethembeka okuphezulu, ukusebenza okuphansi kwamanje, ukuhambisana ne-TTL kanye ne-CMOS digital circuits, nezinye izinzuzo eziningi.
Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, ukukhanya okuphezulu nombala ogcwele bekuyizihloko ezihamba phambili ocwaningweni lwezinto ze-LED nobuchwepheshe bedivayisi. Ukukhanya okuphezulu kakhulu (UHB) kubhekisela ku-LED enomfutho okhanyayo ongu-100mcd noma ngaphezulu, okwaziwa nangokuthi i-Candela (cd) level LED. Inqubekelaphambili yokuthuthukiswa kokukhanya okuphezulu kwe-A1GaInP ne-InGaNFED ishesha kakhulu, futhi manje isifinyelele izinga lokusebenza izinto ezivamile ze-GaA1As, i-GaAsP, ne-GaP ezingakwazi ukuyifinyelela. Ngo-1991, u-Toshiba wase-Japan kanye ne-HP yase-United States bakha i-InGaA1P620nm ewolintshi yokukhanya okuphezulu okuphezulu kwe-LED, kwathi ngo-1992, i-InGaA1P590nm ephuzi ngokugqama okuphezulu kwe-LED yasetshenziswa ngendlela ebonakalayo. Ngawo lowo nyaka, u-Toshiba wathuthukisa i-InGaA1P573nm ephuzi eluhlaza ngokugqama okuphezulu kwe-LED enokukhanya okujwayelekile okungu-2cd. Ngo-1994, i-Nichia Corporation yase-Japan yenza i-InGaN450nm eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (eluhlaza) i-LED yokukhanya okuphezulu kakhulu. Kuleli qophelo, imibala emithathu eyinhloko edingekayo ekubonisweni kombala, obomvu, oluhlaza okotshani, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kanye nama-LED awolintshi naphuzi, yonke isifinyelele izinga lokukhanya kwe-Candela, yazuza ukukhanya okuphakeme kakhulu nesibonisi esinombala ogcwele, okwenza ngaphandle kugcwale- ukuboniswa kombala kwamashubhu akhipha ukukhanya ngokoqobo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-LED ezweni lakithi kwaqala ngeminyaka yawo-1970, futhi imboni yavela ngawo-1980. Kunamabhizinisi angaphezu kwe-100 ezweni lonke, anabakhiqizi abangama-95% abenza umsebenzi wokukhiqiza ngemuva kokupakisha, futhi cishe wonke ama-chips adingekayo angeniswa kwamanye amazwe. Ngokusebenzisa “Izinhlelo Zeminyaka Emihlanu” zoguquko kwezobuchwepheshe, ukuphumelela kwezobuchwepheshe, ukwethulwa kwemishini ethuthukisiwe yangaphandle kanye nobunye ubuchwepheshe obubalulekile, ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza i-LED yaseChina buye bathatha igxathu eliya phambili.

1. Ukusebenza kokukhanya okuphezulu kwe-LED:
Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-GaAsP GaPLED, i-A1GaAsLED ebomvu ephezulu kakhulu yokukhanya isebenza kahle kakhulu, futhi ukusebenza kahle okukhanyayo kokubonakala okuphansi kokungafani (TS) A1GaAsLED (640nm) kuseduze no-10lm/w, okuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-10 kune-GaAsP GaPLED ebomvu. Ukukhanya okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-InGaAlPLED kunikeza imibala efanayo neye-GaAsP GaPLED, okuhlanganisa: okuphuzi okuluhlaza (560nm), okuphuzi okuluhlaza ngokukhanyayo (570nm), okuphuzi (585nm), okuphuzi okukhanyayo (590nm), okuwolintshi (605nm), nokubomvu okukhanyayo (625nm) , okubomvu okujulile (640nm)). Uma kuqhathaniswa ukusebenza kahle okukhanyayo kwe-substrate ekhanyelayo i-A1GaInPLED nezinye izakhiwo ze-LED nemithombo yokukhanya kwe-incandescent, ukusebenza kahle okukhanyayo kwe-InGaAlPLED absorbing substrate (AS) kungu-101m/w, nokusebenza kahle okukhanyayo kwe-transparent substrate (TS) ngu-201m/w, okungu-10 -20 ngaphezu kwalokho kwe-GaAsP GaPLED ebangeni lamaza wamaza 590-626nm; Kububanzi be-wavelength obungu-560-570, iphakeme izikhathi ezingu-2-4 kune-GaAsP GaPLED. Ukukhanya okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-InGaNFED kunikeza ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuluhlaza, nobubanzi be-wavelength obungu-450-480nm kokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, 500nm kokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kanye no-520nm kokuluhlaza; Ukusebenza kwayo okukhanyayo kungu-3-151m/w. Ukusebenza kahle okukhanyayo kwamanje kwama-LED okukhanya okuphezulu kakhulu kwedlule okwamalambu e-incandescent anezihlungi, futhi kungashintsha amalambu e-incandescent ngamandla angaphansi kwe-watt eyi-1. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-LED array angashintsha amalambu e-incandescent ngamandla angaphansi kwama-watts angu-150. Ezinhlelweni eziningi, ama-incandescent bulb asebenzisa izihlungi ukuze athole imibala ebomvu, ewolintshi, eluhlaza, noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kuyilapho kusetshenziswa ama-LED okukhanya okuphezulu kakhulu angafinyelela umbala ofanayo. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ama-LED acwebe kakhulu enziwe ngezinto ze-AlGaInP ne-InGaN ahlanganise ama-chips e-LED amaningi (okubomvu, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okuluhlaza okotshani) okucwebezelayo okuphezulu, okuvumela imibala ehlukahlukene ngaphandle kwesidingo sezihlungi. Kuhlanganisa okubomvu, okusawolintshi, okuphuzi, okuluhlaza okotshani, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ukukhanya kwawo kuye kwadlula lokho kwamalambu e-incandescent futhi kuseduze nalawo amalambu e-fluorescent angaphambili. Ukukhanya okukhanyayo kudlule ku-1000mcd, okungahlangabezana nezidingo zesibonisi sesimo sezulu sangaphandle nesinemibala egcwele. Isikrini esikhulu sombala we-LED singamela isibhakabhaka nolwandle, futhi sizuze ukugqwayiza kwe-3D. Isizukulwane esisha sama-LED abomvu, aluhlaza, naluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka sokukhanya okuphezulu kakhulu sizuze ngendlela engakaze ibonwe

2. Ukusetshenziswa kokukhanya okuphezulu kwe-LED:
Inkomba yesignali yemoto: Amalambu ezinkomba zemoto angaphandle kwemoto ikakhulukazi amalambu aqondisayo, amalambu angemuva, namabhuleki; Ingaphakathi lemoto lisebenza ngokuyinhloko njengokukhanyisa nokubonisa izinsimbi ezihlukahlukene. I-Ultra high brightness LED inezinzuzo eziningi uma iqhathaniswa nezibani zendabuko ze-incandescent zezibani zezinkomba zezimoto, futhi inemakethe ebanzi embonini yezimoto. Ama-LED angakwazi ukumelana nokushaqeka okuqinile kwemishini nokudlidliza. Isilinganiso sempilo yokusebenza kwe-MTBF yamalambu amabhuleki e-LED ama-oda amaningana obukhulu aphakeme kunalawo ama-incandescent bulb, adlula kude impilo yokusebenza kwemoto ngokwayo. Ngakho-ke, amalambu amabhuleki e-LED angapakishwa ewonke ngaphandle kokucabangela ukulungiswa. I-substrate ekhanyayo i-Al GaAs kanye ne-AlInGaPLED zisebenza kahle kakhulu ngokukhazimulayo uma kuqhathaniswa nezibani ze-incandescent ezinezihlungi, okuvumela amalambu amabhuleki e-LED namasignali ajikisayo ukuthi asebenze kumaza okushayela aphansi, ngokuvamile okungu-1/4 kuphela wama-incandescent bulb, ngaleyo ndlela anciphisa ibanga izimoto ezingalihamba. Amandla kagesi aphansi nawo anganciphisa umthamo nesisindo sesistimu yezintambo zangaphakathi zemoto, kuyilapho enciphisa nokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa kwangaphakathi kwezibani zesignali ye-LED ehlanganisiwe, okuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwamapulasitiki anokumelana okuphansi kwezinga lokushisa kwamalensi nezindlu. Isikhathi sokuphendula amalambu amabhuleki e-LED singu-100ns, esifushane kunaleso samalambu e-incandescent, okushiya isikhathi esiningi sokuphendula kubashayeli nokwenza ngcono ukuphepha kokushayela. Ukukhanya nombala wamalambu ezinkomba zangaphandle zemoto kucaciswe kahle. Nakuba ukuboniswa kokukhanyisa kwangaphakathi kwezimoto kungalawulwa iminyango kahulumeni efanele njengamalambu amasignali angaphandle, abakhiqizi bezimoto banezidingo zombala nokukhanyiswa kwama-LED. Sekuyisikhathi eside i-GaPLED isetshenziswa ezimotweni, futhi ukukhanya okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-AlGaInP ne-InGaNFED kuzothatha indawo yama-incandescent bulbs ezimotweni ngenxa yekhono lawo lokufeza izidingo zabakhiqizi mayelana nombala nokukhanya. Ngokombono wamanani, nakuba izibani ze-LED zisabiza kakhulu uma ziqhathaniswa nezibani ze-incandescent, awukho umehluko obalulekile entengo phakathi kwezinhlelo ezimbili zizonke. Ngokuthuthuka okungokoqobo kokugqama okuphakeme kakhulu kwe-TSAlGaAs nama-AlGaInP LED, amanani abelokhu ehla ngokuqhubekayo eminyakeni yamuva, futhi ubukhulu bokwehla buzoba bukhulu nakakhulu esikhathini esizayo.

Inkomba yesignali yethrafikhi: Ukusebenzisa ama-LED akhanya kakhulu esikhundleni samalambu e-incandescent amalambu esignali, amalambu axwayisayo, nezibani zezimpawu manje sekusakazeke emhlabeni wonke, ngemakethe ebanzi nesidingo esikhula ngokushesha. Ngokwezibalo zoMnyango Wezokuthutha wase-United States ngo-1994, kwakunezimpambanomgwaqo ezingu-260000 e-United States lapho kwakufakwa khona izimpawu zomgwaqo, futhi umgwaqo ngamunye kufanele ube nezimpawu zomgwaqo okungenani ezingu-12 ezibomvu, eziphuzi, neziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo eziningi zinezimpawu ezengeziwe zokushintsha kanye nezibani ezixwayisa abahamba ngezinyawo zokuwela umgwaqo. Ngale ndlela, kungaba namarobhothi angu-20 ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo ngayinye, futhi kumelwe akhanyise kanyekanye. Kungacatshangwa ukuthi cishe kunamarobhothi ayizigidi eziyi-135 e-United States. Njengamanje, ukusetshenziswa kwe-ultra-high ukukhanya kwe-LED esikhundleni sezibani zendabuko ze-incandescent kuzuze imiphumela ebalulekile ekunciphiseni ukulahlekelwa kwamandla. I-Japan idla cishe ama-kilowatts kagesi ayizigidi ezingu-1 ngonyaka emarobhothini, futhi ngemva kokufaka ama-incandescent ama-LED akhazimulayo kakhulu, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kukagesi kungu-12% kuphela kowokuqala.
Iziphathimandla ezinekhono zezwe ngalinye kufanele zisungule imithetho ehambisanayo yamarobhothi amasignali omgwaqo, icacise umbala wesiginali, ubukhulu obuncane bokukhanya, iphethini yokusabalalisa kwendawo ye-beam, kanye nezimfuneko zendawo yokufaka. Nakuba lezi zidingo zisekelwe kuma-incandescent bulb, ngokuvamile zisebenza kumalambu wesignali we-LED asetshenziswa manje okukhanya okuphezulu kakhulu. Uma kuqhathaniswa namalambu e-incandescent, amarobhothi e-LED anempilo ende yokusebenza, ngokuvamile efika eminyakeni eyi-10. Uma kucatshangelwa umthelela wezindawo zangaphandle ezinokhahlo, isikhathi sokuphila esilindelekile kufanele sincishiswe sibe iminyaka engu-5-6. Njengamanje, ukukhanya okuphezulu okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-AlGaInP okubomvu, okuwolintshi, nama-LED aphuzi enziwe ngokwezimboni futhi awabizi kakhulu. Uma amamojula akhiwe ama-LED abomvu okukhanya okuphezulu kakhulu asetshenziselwa ukumiselela amakhanda esignali yethrafikhi ebomvu evamile, umthelela wokuphepha obangelwa ukwehluleka okungazelelwe kwezibani ezibomvu ze-incandescent ungancishiswa. Imojuli yesignali yethrafikhi ye-LED evamile iqukethe amasethi amaningana amalambu e-LED axhunyiwe. Ukuthatha imojuli yesignali yethrafikhi ye-LED engu-12 intshi ebomvu njengesibonelo, kumasethi angu-3-9 wezibani ze-LED ezixhunyiwe, inani lezibani ze-LED ezixhunyiwe kusethi ngayinye ngu-70-75 (inani lama-LED angu-210-675). Uma ukukhanya okukodwa kwe-LED kwehluleka, kuzothinta kuphela isethi eyodwa yezimpawu, futhi amasethi asele azokwehliswa abe yi-2/3 (67%) noma i-8/9 (89%) yokuqala, ngaphandle kokubangela ukuthi yonke inhloko yesiginali ihluleke. njengezibani ze-incandescent.
Inkinga enkulu ngamamojula wesignali yethrafikhi ye-LED ukuthi izindleko zokukhiqiza zisaphakeme kakhulu. Ukuthatha i-12 inch TS AlGaAs imojuli yesignali yethrafikhi ye-LED ebomvu njengesibonelo, yaqala ukusetshenziswa ngo-1994 ngezindleko zama-$350. Ngo-1996, imojuli yesignali yethrafikhi ye-AlGaInP LED engu-12 inch esebenza kangcono yayinezindleko zama-$200.

Kulindeleke ukuthi esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, intengo yamamojula we-InGaN blue-green LED esignali yethrafikhi izoqhathaniswa ne-AlGaInP. Nakuba izindleko zamakhanda wesignali ye-incandescent traffic ziphansi, zisebenzisa ugesi omningi. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwenhloko yesignali ye-incandescent engu-12 inch ububanzi ngu-150W, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwelambu lesexwayiso sethrafikhi eliwela umgwaqo nomgwaqo ngu-67W. Ngokwezibalo, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwaminyaka yonke kwezibani zesignali ze-incandescent ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo ngamunye kungu-18133KWh, okulingana nebhilidi kagesi yonyaka engu-$1450; Nokho, amamojula esignali yethrafikhi ye-LED anamandla kakhulu, nemojula ngayinye yesignali yethrafikhi ye-LED engu-8-12 inch edla u-15W kanye no-20W kagesi ngokulandelanayo. Izimpawu ze-LED ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo zingaboniswa ngokushintsha kwemicibisholo, ngokusetshenziswa kwamandla okungu-9W kuphela. Ngokwezibalo, umgwaqo ngamunye ungonga ugesi ongu-9916KWh ngonyaka, okulingana nokonga u-$793 ezikweletini zikagesi ngonyaka. Ngokusekelwe ezindlekweni ezimaphakathi zama-$200 ngemojuli yesignali yethrafikhi ye-LED ngayinye, imojula yesignali yethrafikhi ye-LED ebomvu ingabuyisa izindleko zayo zokuqala ngemva kweminyaka emi-3 isebenzisa kuphela ugesi olondoloziwe, futhi iqale ukuthola imbuyiselo yezomnotho eqhubekayo. Ngakho-ke, okwamanje ukusebenzisa amamojula olwazi lwethrafikhi ye-AlGaInLED, nakuba izindleko zingase zibonakale ziphakeme, zisabiza kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.